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Wales is one of the four constituent countries of the United Kingdom. Traditionally a principality, Wales is located in the southwest of the island of Great Britain bordering England to the east, the Bristol Channel to the south, the Irish Sea to the west and north, and the estuary of the River Dee in the upper northeast.
A Welsh national identity emerged in the early 5th century, and later influenced by other European historical events. While continuing to celebrate old and new traditions at eisteddfod festivals, today's Welsh also participate in vibrant music scenes and dynamic sporting venues.
With a world-reknowned waterfront district, cosmopolitan Cardiff is Wales' largest city and home of the largest media center in Britain outside of London located in the southeast, Cardiff was established as capital of Wales in 1955 and among Europe's 'youngest' capitals. Two-thirds of the Welsh population lives in the southeast, with another concentration in the northeast.
Playing a significant role during the Industrial Revolution, coal mining, steelmaking, and slate quarrying were major facets of the Welsh economy. More recently, light manufacturing and the service sector have replaced heavy industry as Wales transitioned into modern post-industrial economy.
Gwynedd's Llywelyn I the Great founded the Principality of Wales in 1216. Following the Edwardian Conquest, Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored the independence of the Welsh principality in the early 15th century. England formally annexed Wales and abolished Welsh law in the 16th century. A distinctive Welsh polity emerged in the 19th century leading to a devolved legislature and government in 1999. Today, Wales continues to share political and legal structures to varying degrees with the United Kingdom.
